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Note: Varies by jurisdiction. Human cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.
A person who practices cannibalism is called a cannibal. The meaning of "cannibalism" has been extended into zoology to describe an individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food, including sexual cannibalism. The Island Carib people of the Lesser Antillesfrom whom the word "cannibalism" is derived, acquired a long-standing reputation as cannibals after their legends were recorded in the 17th century.
Cannibalism was practised in New Guinea and in parts of the Solomon Islandsand flesh markets existed in some parts of Melanesia. As with most accounts of cannibalism, these stories must be met with a great deal of skepticism, as accusations of cannibalism were often used as a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated for aggression.
For example, Christopher Columbus came back to Europe claiming that indigenous peoples practiced cannibalism while offering no evidence. Cannibalism has recently been both practised and fiercely condemned in several wars, especially in Liberia [12] and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cannibalism has been said to test the bounds of cultural relativism because it challenges anthropologists "to define what is or is not beyond the pale of acceptable human behavior".
A form of cannibalism popular in early modern Europe was the consumption of body parts or blood for medical purposes. This practice was at its height during the 17th century, although as late as the second half of the 19th century some peasants attending an execution are recorded to have "rushed forward and scraped the ground with their hands that they might collect some of the bloody earth, which they subsequently crammed in their mouth, in hope that they might thus get rid of their disease.
Cannibalism has occasionally been practiced as a last resort by people suffering from faminea dissertation upon roast pig illustrated in modern times. Famous examples include the ill-fated Donner Party —47 and, more recently, the crash of Uruguayan Air Force Flightafter which some survivors ate the bodies of the dead.
Additionally, there are cases of people suffering from mental illness engaging in cannibalism for sexual pleasure, such as Jeffrey Dahmer and Albert Fish. There is resistance to formally labeling cannibalism a mental disorder. The word "cannibalism" is derived from Caníbalesthe Spanish name for the Caribs[19] a West Indies tribe that may have practiced cannibalism, [20] from Spanish canibal or caribal"a savage".
The term anthropophagymeaning "eating humans", is also used for human cannibalism. In some societies, cannibalism is a cultural norm. Consumption of a person from within the same community is called endocannibalism ; ritual cannibalism of the recently deceased can be part of the grieving process [21] or be seen as a way of guiding the souls of the dead into the bodies of living descendants. In most parts of the world, cannibalism is not a societal norm, but is sometimes resorted to in situations of extreme necessity.
The survivors of the shipwrecks of the Essex and Méduse in the 19th century are said to have engaged in cannibalism, as did the members of Franklin's lost expedition and the Donner Party.
Such cases generally involve necro-cannibalism eating the corpse of someone who is already dead as opposed to homicidal cannibalism killing someone for food. In English law, the latter is always considered a crime, even in the most trying circumstances. A dissertation upon roast pig illustrated case of R v Dudley and Stephensin which two men were found guilty of murder for killing and eating a cabin boy while adrift at sea in a lifeboat, set the precedent that necessity is no defence to a charge of murder.
In pre-modern medicine, the explanation given by the now-discredited theory of humorism for cannibalism was that it came about within a black acrimonious humor, which, being lodged in the linings of the ventricleproduced the voracity for human flesh.
A well-known case of mortuary cannibalism is that of the Fore tribe in New Guineawhich resulted in the spread of the prion disease kuru. However, some scholars argue that although post-mortem dismemberment was the practice during funeral rites, cannibalism was not. Ina publication in Science received a large amount of press attention when it suggested that early humans may have practiced extensive cannibalism.
Cannibalism features in the folklore and legends of many cultures and is most often attributed to evil characters or as extreme retribution for some wrongdoing. Examples include the witch in " Hansel and Gretel ", Lamia of Greek mythology and Baba Yaga of Slavic folklore. A number of stories in Greek mythology involve cannibalism, in particular cannibalism of close family members, e, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated.
The story of Tantalus also parallels this. The wendigo is a creature appearing in the legends of the Algonquian people. It is thought of variously as a malevolent cannibalistic spirit that could possess humans or a monster that humans could physically transform into.
Those who indulged in cannibalism were at particular risk, [33] and the legend appears to have reinforced this practice as taboo. The Zuni people tell the story of the Átahsaia — a giant who cannibalizes his fellow demons and seeks out human flesh. The wechuge is a demonic cannibalistic creature that seeks out human flesh.
It is a creature appearing in the Native American mythology of the Athabaskan people. William Arens, author of The Man-Eating Myth: Anthropology and Anthropophagy[35] questions the credibility of reports of cannibalism and argues that the description by one group of people of another people as cannibals is a consistent and demonstrable ideological and rhetorical device to establish perceived cultural superiority.
Arens bases his thesis on a detailed analysis of numerous "classic" cases of cultural cannibalism cited by explorers, missionaries, and anthropologists. He asserts that many were steeped in racism, unsubstantiated, or based on second-hand or hearsay evidence. Accusations of cannibalism helped characterize indigenous peoples as "uncivilized", "primitive", or even "inhuman.
During the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and its earlier conquests in the Caribbean there were widespread reports of cannibalism, justifying the conquest. Cannibals were exempt from Queen Isabella 's prohibition on enslaving the indigenous, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated.
As Eskildsen describes, there was an exaggeration of cannibalism by Taiwanese indigenous peoples in Japan's popular media such as newspapers and illustrations at the time. This Horrid Practice : The Myth and Reality of Traditional Maori Cannibalism by New Zealand historian Paul Moon received a hostile reception by many Maori, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, who felt the book tarnished their whole people. Among modern humans, cannibalism has been practiced a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated various groups.
There is evidence, both archaeological and genetic, that cannibalism has been practiced for hundreds of thousands of years by early Homo Sapiens and archaic hominins. The oldest Homo sapiens bones from Ethiopia show signs of this as well.
Whitesuggest that ritual cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period. In Gough's CaveEngland, remains of human bones and skulls, around 14, years old, suggest that cannibalism took place amongst the people living in or visiting the cave, [59] and that they may have used human skulls as drinking vessels.
Researchers have found physical evidence of cannibalism in ancient times. Inarchaeologists at the University of Bristol found evidence of Iron Age cannibalism in Gloucestershire. Cannibalism is mentioned many times in early history and literature. Herodotus in " The Histories " s to the s BCE [65] claimed, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, that after eleven days' voyage up the Borysthenes Dnieper in Europe a desolated land extended for a long way, and later the country of the man-eaters other than Scythians was located, and beyond it again a desolated area extended where no men lived.
The tomb of ancient Egyptian king Unas contained a hymn in praise to the king portraying him as a cannibal. The Stoic philosopher Chrysippus wrote in his treatise On Justice that cannibalism was ethically acceptable. Polybius records that Hannibal Monomachus once suggested to the Carthaginian general Hannibal that he teach his army to adopt cannibalism in order to be properly supplied in his travel to Italy, although Barca and his officers could not bring themselves to practice it.
In the same warGaius Terentius Varro once claimed to the citizens of Capua that Barca's Gaul and Spanish mercenaries fed on human flesh, though this claim seemed to be acknowledged as false. Cassius Dio recorded cannibalism practiced by the bucoliEgyptian tribes led by Isidorus against Rome.
They sacrificed and devoured two Roman officers in ritualistic fashion, swearing an oath over their entrails. According to Appianduring the Roman Siege of Numantia in the 2nd century BCE, the population of A dissertation upon roast pig illustrated was reduced to cannibalism and suicide. Cannibalism was reported by Josephus during the siege of Jerusalem by Rome in 70 CE.
Jeromein his letter Against Jovinianusdiscusses how people come to their present condition as a result of their heritage, and he then lists several examples of peoples and their customs. In the list, he mentions that he has heard that Attacotti eat human flesh and that Massagetae and Derbices a people on the borders of India kill and eat old people. Reports of cannibalism were recorded during the First Crusadeas Crusaders were alleged to have fed on the bodies of their dead opponents following the Siege of A dissertation upon roast pig illustrated. Amin Maalouf also alleges further cannibalism incidents on the march to Jerusalemand to the efforts made to delete mention of these from Western history.
In North Africa, as in Europe, there are references to cannibalism as a last resort in times of famine. The Moroccan Muslim explorer ibn Battuta reported that one African king advised him that nearby people were cannibals although this may have been a prank played on ibn Battuta by the king to fluster his guest. Ibn Batutta reported that Arabs and Christians were safe, as their flesh was "unripe" and would cause the eater to fall ill.
For a brief time in Europe, an unusual form of cannibalism occurred when thousands of Egyptian mummies preserved in bitumen were ground up and sold as medicine. This "fad" ended because the mummies were revealed actually to be recently killed slaves.
Two centuries ago, mummies were still believed to have medicinal properties against bleeding, and were sold as pharmaceuticals in powdered form see human mummy confection and mummia. In China during the Tang dynastycannibalism was supposedly resorted to by rebel forces early in the period who were said to raid neighboring areas for victims to eatas well as both soldiers and civilians besieged during the rebellion of An Lushan.
Eating an enemy's heart and liver was also claimed to be a feature of both official punishments and private vengeance. Charges of cannibalism were levied against the Qizilbash of the Safavid Ismail. There is universal agreement that some Mesoamerican people practiced human sacrificebut there is a lack of scholarly consensus as to whether cannibalism in pre-Columbian America was widespread. At one extreme, anthropologist Marvin Harris, author of Cannibals and Kingshas suggested that the flesh of the victims was a part a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated an aristocratic diet as a reward, since the Aztec diet was lacking in proteins.
While most historians of the pre-Columbian era believe that there was ritual cannibalism related to human sacrifices, they do not support Harris's thesis that human flesh was ever a significant portion of the Aztec diet. European explorers and colonizers brought home many stories of cannibalism practiced by the native peoples they encountered, but there is now archeological and written evidence for English settlers' cannibalism in in the Jamestown Colony under famine conditions, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated.
In Spain's overseas expansion to the New World, the practice of cannibalism was reported by Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, and the Caribs were greatly feared because of their supposed practice of it. Franciscan friar Diego de A dissertation upon roast pig illustrated reported on Yucatán instances. In early Brazil, there is reportage of cannibalism among the Tupinamba.
If she goes her time out, she herself cuts the navel-string with a shell, which she boils along with the secondine [i. placenta ], and eats them both. In modern Brazil, a black comedy film, How Tasty Was My Little Frenchmanmostly in the Tupi language, portrays a Frenchman captured by the indigenous and his demise. The Handbook of Indians of Canada reprinting material from the A dissertation upon roast pig illustrated of American Ethnologyclaims that North American natives practicing cannibalism included " the Montagnaisa dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, and some of the tribes of Maine ; the AlgonkinArmouchiquoisIroquoisand Micmac ; farther west the AssiniboineCreeFoxesChippewaMiamiOttawaKickapooIllinoisSiouxand Winnebago ; in the south the people who built the mounds in Florida, and the TonkawaAttacapaKarankawaCaddoand Comanche ; in the northwest and west, portions of the continent, the Thlingchadinneh and other Athapascan tribes, the TlingitHeiltsuka dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, KwakiutlTsimshianNootkaSiksikasome of the Californian tribes, and the Ute.
There is also a tradition of the practice among the Hopiand mentions of the custom among other tribes of New Mexico and Arizona. The Mohawkand the AttacapaTonkawaand other Texas tribes were known to their neighbours as 'man-eaters.
From another source, according to Hans Egedea dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, when the Inuit killed a woman accused of witchcraft, they ate a portion of her heart. As with most lurid tales of native cannibalism, these stories are treated with a great deal of scrutiny, a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated, as accusations of cannibalism were often used as justifications for the subjugation or destruction of "savages".
The very first encounter between Europeans and Māori may a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated involved cannibalism of a Dutch sailor. Cannibalism was already a regular practice in Māori wars. In parts of Melanesiacannibalism was still practiced in a dissertation upon roast pig illustrated early 20th century, for a variety of reasons—including retaliation, to insult an enemy people, or to absorb the dead person's qualities.
The dense population of the Marquesas Islandsin what is now French Polynesiawas concentrated in narrow valleys, and consisted of warring tribes, who sometimes practiced cannibalism on their enemies. Human flesh was called "long pig". Rubinstein wrote:.
A Dissertation Upon Roast Pig by Charles Lamb
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An ebook (short for electronic book), also known as an e-book or eBook, is a book publication made available in digital form, consisting of text, images, or both, readable on the flat-panel display of computers or other electronic devices. Although sometimes defined as "an electronic version of a printed book", some e-books exist without a printed equivalent * - Main goods are marked with red color. Services of language translation the An announcement must be commercial character Goods and services advancement through blogger.com sys 49 Likes, 1 Comments - University of Central Arkansas (@ucabears) on Instagram: “Your gift provides UCA students with scholarships, programs, invaluable learning opportunities and ”
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